The Pain of Ap Government Essay Samples

The Pain of Ap Government Essay Samples The History of Ap Government Essay Samples Refuted Therefore, you don't need to be a physician or biologist to be able to write biology essays, the only thing you ought to know it the thorough understanding about the essay topic, proper writing format and the above told important recommendations to produce your biology essay a better piece of writing. Extra info or tangents will merely hinder your essay. There are several interesting and challenging Shakespeare essay topics to pick from. Introductory paragraph always sets the tone of the full essay, so it must include all the key ideas you're likely to discuss. It should encompass your whole essay in only 1 sentence. Be sure your essay accomplishes this central endeavor. It should include recent statistics and information from reliable sources. Some essays might only speak about similarities, while some might just speak about differences. Writing an argumentative essay can occasionally be confusing since you don't necessarily understand how to compose a convincing argument. Things You Should Know About Ap Government Essay Samples AP Human Geography is fairly straight forward, and so long as you've got a good teacher and you're prepared to select the class fairly seriously, you ought to be in a position to receive a 4 or 5. Doing this will enhance your AP writing. Student's objective is to create the top-notch paper. The previous scores as awarded by the College Board will be useful in establishing a ballparkobviously a 9 is still likely to be a superior essay under the 7-point scalebut there could be some modest differences in grades between the 2 scales. Some free-response questions wi ll have several parts. It is not important to us, whether you're too busy on the job concentrating on a passion undertaking, or simply tired of a seemingly infinite stream of assignments. What's more, his affinity for those students can't be overstated. As a writer, you have the choice of narrowing the reach of your paper. The Basic Facts of Ap Government Essay Samples No really, it is a great idea. The second point, that making connections is a sort of thinking which can be taught, can't be proven until the very first point has been sufficiently supported. A mind-independent rationale is some sort of reason which exists independently of human thought. The attractiveness of Shakespearean works is that every one of them conveys an exceptional social message that is true even today. You want to reveal in your government essay that the government is an integral portion of our life and the way it affects the a variety of pursuits and addresses various concerns in our life. In 2005, as an example, lots of rather prominent unions pulled from the FALL-CIO since they couldn't agree on a political strategy. The usa is a huge nation of 329 million people. Rather than beginning with an abstract new language, students concentrate on an issue they would like to tackle on earth, then use the discipline of CS to create a solution. In that situation, you may want to assume the occurrence of God in your opening paragraph rather than spending several pages providing an argument for the presence of God. Not only does this contribute to lung failure, but in addition, it has a negative influence on the liver and brain. Another thing to bear in mind about assumptions is that the quantity of assumptions you're in a position to make depends in large part on the scope and duration of your paper. Determine how their brains work, study and learn to acquire on the exact same wavelength as a few of the strongest minds on earth. Attempt to select the best devices to strengthen your argument that you're able to. In order to demonstrate that your claim is correct, you may have to construct your argument in steps. In case the answer is yes, attempt to structure your argument in order for your points build off one another.

What Has Hip Hop Ever Done - 1331 Words

What has hip-hop ever done to you? There has always been one style of music that has interested me greatly-hip-hop. Hip-hop has four different elements to it: rap music (vocal), turntablism (DJ-ing), b-boying (dance/physical) and graffiti art; out of the four I think rap music has had the greatest impact on the world for it has influenced us socially, culturally and politically. However, over the years I realize that hip-hop music hasn’t had the same impact on the world, becoming main stream. So I am going to explore how it has influenced us throughout the years and how it has changed recently. In the late 1970s when hip-hop originated, it was known as the ‘golden age’ for it was the climax of hip-hop because no one’s music was the same,†¦show more content†¦The songs encouraged them to speak their thoughts out loud and stand up for themselves and what they believe in. Artists made a variety of effective songs; their purpose was to stand against how the government were treating people. Public Enemy is song â€Å"Fight the Power† really struck a chord with the nation because it was it’s about urban poverty and standing up against â€Å"the power†- the government. This at the time was a big issue in the U.S for there were many race riots. Miami had one riot that lasted three days because an African American was killed by three white police officers and they weren’t charged, for there wasn’t ‘enough’ evidence to charge them when in truth there was a video of the crime. Looking back at the song there is one line in particulars that stands out: â€Å"we got to pump the stuff to make us tough from the heart†; this basically says fight for what you believe in; the nation did they protested, started riots and caused complete chaos throughout the U.S. However due to this three people were killed and ove r twenty injured but it still had a huge impact for it showed that any race could stand up for they believe in. As the ‘golden age’ came to an end at the start of the 1980s, a new type of hip-hop was developed, it’s called â€Å"gangsta rap† and was created by artists such as N.W.A, Schoolly D and Ice T. This variation of rap was different because of the violent lyrics and inappropriate

Developmental Theories and Family Work Models

Question: Discuss about theDevelopmental Theories and Family Work Models. Answer: Introduction It is worth noting that social interaction is crucial to the society as there is mutual understanding and commendable benefits reaped from the process. The social work as a subject goes further to elaborate various element of interaction and their purpose in the community. In an art shell, analyzing developmental theories and collaborative family work model is critical. Piagets Cognitive Development Theory Piaget theory on cognitive development focuses on the observable feature that is evident during the growing of a child. To assist in the comprehension of development in children and young people, Piaget narrowed the subject by providing terms that described several processes of growth. Schemata are generally the concepts that are mental based (Bjorklund Causey, 2017). That is, as children are exposed to areas where they can receive new information, they are efficiently molding and organizing their mental capabilities. Adaptation is a term basically used to explain the organization of minds by the children as they go on with perceptions in their environmental settings. Information arising from their invention is properly absorbed and helps them deepen their cognitive abilities (Johnson, McWilliams, Goodman, Shelley Piper, 2016). If new information is provided to children, there is a possibility that imbalance will be experienced, and they are bound to get confused as they as they ap proach several lanes of growth. To ensure that balance is maintained adaptation is acknowledged through either accommodation or assimilation (Bjorklund Causey, 2017). By assimilation is to mean, adding new information to what the child already knows. Accommodation is the ladder on which intellectual capacity is developed. It entails the adjustment of what the person already knows to fit the new information. Piagets theory encompasses four stages of development that are significant to the understanding of children progressive life that is gradual in nature. Sensor motor stage occurs in between birth and the age of two years (Demetriou, Shayer Efklides, 2016). At this stage, there is the utilization of explorations thus leading to strengthened motor and sensory developments, which paves way for mental development. At this stage, they attempt to practice their abilities through physical actions such as grasping and sucking. Furthermore, movements are seen to be random but as the time goes, they become intentional. The preoperational stage takes place between the age of two and seven (Demetriouet al., 2016). At this time, the children are egocentric. This means that they seem to assume that people value and see the nature the same way as they do. In addition, they do not have time to accommodate the ideas of others. On the other hand, skills based on presentation are learned. They are also able to learn new; languages, drawing, and symbolic play. Moreover, children are able to differentiate between shape and size. Concrete operations stage begins between the ages of seven to eleven years. While at this stage children are become more informed and begin to think critically when referring to the particular objects. They are not dependent on what was seen in the past because their level of internalizing things has developed. Formal operations stage is attained from the age of eleven years to adulthood (Demetriou et al., 2016). At such a stage individuals are capable of thinking critically and purely and reasoning and problem-solving skills are evident at this stage. Eriksons Psychosocial Theory This theory suggests that development takes place throughout the life of an individual. The interaction, personality, and skills of the children are developed depending on the social setting (Syed, 2015). The theory has led to the emergence of Eriksons eight stages of development. Due to the fact that each of these stages is faced with conflicts that can be solved, teachers and parents are supposed to provide support to the children if need be to prevents the conflict from worsening. Trust versus mistrust stage occurs during the first one and half years of life (Syed, 2015). At this juncture, the children need to be loved, kept clean, and provided with attentive care. Mistrust comes in when the environment is harsh and unpredictable. Freedom versus doubt and shame stage happens between the age of eighteen months and three years. At this stage, the children learn to walk and exercise their mental skills. They demand the freedom to feed, clothe and move by them. If the supportive environment is provided, their autonomy is exercised, failure to which shame and self-doubt arise (Syed, 2015).Initiative versus guilt stage comes in between three and five years. The children develop new skills and proper ways of dealing with different people in the society taking caution not to hurt anyone. Industry and inferiority stage is experienced between six and twelve years. The children are hardworking following the motivation is given by the members of the community. Poor treatment by teachers and other stakeholders impacts negatively on the children yielding frustrations, incompetence, and state of insecurity. Identity versus role confusion is the teenage stage whereby the teenagers are faced with adolescence and in an effort to identify themselves. If offered with the freedom to explore different social avenues, these individuals can realize themselves. Intimacy and isolation stage entails engaging in a serious relationship that is believed to be worthwhile (Hart, 2013). Failure to form intimate relationship leads to isolation and broken hearts. Generativist versus stagnation stage is experienced when the individual attempts to gauge the success and failures. At such a time the person is willing to help the society which collectively leads to generativists. For the self-centered people, a sense of stagnation is created due to low and poor productivity. Ego integrity versus despair stage occurs as people tend toward the end of life (Hart, 2013). Those who achieved a lot of success and supported others are full of a sense of ego integrity while those who wasted their time doing nothing end up with a feeling of despair. Application of Piaget and Erikson theory to Social Work Practice with Young People, Families and Children. The society strictly observes all the above-mentioned stages of development and ensures balance is maintained at all levels. Children growing at the infancy and toddler stage develop their cognitive skills, by the way of touch and taste (Bornstein Bradley, 2014). Therefore, it is not logic for the community to offer enough space for exploration due to the harsh consequences that might arise. The children end up eating and drinking anything they come across thereby proper control is upheld to ensure a healthy and safe society. The children and the young people are exposed to a free environment for talents exposure that enables them to pursue in life (Bornstein Bradley, 2014). On the other hand, there is the provision of cultural education to the children so that as they grow, they should be able to have self-respect. Developing self-respect enables someone to respect others hence those demanding stages of development are cautiously exercised. For instance, the puberty stage leaves many young adults distressed as a result of unwanted pregnancy and drug abuse (Lantolf, Thorne, Poehner, 2015). The society maintains that with right education on norms and cultures, right behavior is adopted. The Families are equipped with the knowledge of handling the young with the father and mother dictating the direction of their children. Due to different rates of growth, there is the need for close monitoring of the children to prevent them from moral decay and atrocities in the community (Lantolf et al., 2015. Since the child is capable of learning from observation family members should exercise positive thinking and the right approach to doing things to ensure the correct actions are copied and pasted into the childrens minds. In short, by exhaustively practicing the fore mentioned theories and integrating the m with traditions and cultures of the society, healthy living will be highly appreciated. GroupTheories of Development, Important Factors to Social Work and their Applicability Every social set up must recognize the observance of social standards crucial to guide the behavior of the individuals. Sigmund Freuds theory of morality principle pinpoints the internalized social values that allow people to differentiate between wrong and good (Nelson, Goodfriend, 2014). Therefore, morality is a key factor towards a healthy living in the society. Social work appreciates the controlled behavior of the infants to contain vices that might arise as a result of the oral stage by Freud. Sucking and eating may lead to oral fixation by the children thereby exposing them to overeating, thumb-sucking, and smoking (Nelson, Goodfriend, 2014). Since the moral values of social work heavily oppose such vices, it becomes critical induce control over the issue. Social work operates in a clean environment. Anal stage by Freud indicates that too much pressure to toilet training brings a sense of cleanliness in future while little pressure may result in destructive behaviors. Jean Piaget view on cognitive development brings in the attention towards an understanding society (Ramakrishnan, Barker, Vervoordt, Zhang, 2017). In several instances, teachers and parents have been involved in beat to death cases with their children due to the misunderstanding growing between them. By comprehending that childrens reasoning grows with age, it is a remedy to chaos and quarrels arising in the families today. Industrious society can be achieved if at all children are granted the care they need during growth (Parkay, Anctil, Hass, 2014). Erikson noted that at the age of six to eleven years, children tend to portray hard work and at the same time inferiority may be experienced. There is the essence of following the requirements of this stage to avoid mental imbalances by motivating and appreciating th e children (Crain, 2015). The family can teach the young adults how to engage in an intimate relationship through civil education. Alerting them to the importance of an upright intimacy will enable them to be selective and make the right choices of partners, hence building their lives positively. In short, all the developmental theories are important and should be exercised to enhance productivity and growth of the society. Elements of Collaborative Family Work Model Collaborative family work model is basically a developmental forum focusing on the importance of cooperation in enabling families to formulate strategies and acquire skills necessary to improve their lives. Understanding the elements of collaborative family work model is critical to social work (Madsen, 2014). To begin, implementation of programs and policies that offer financial and emotional support to the familys needs are essential. Not all the families have the potential to sustain themselves irrespective of the wealth and their backgrounds (Cohn White, 2012). Therefore, the program ensures coming together of all the stakeholders to assist one another to keep the society going. Encouraging family to family networking entails harmony between family members to create a mutual benefit in the long run. Sharing of unbiased information with the parents on a continuous basis is important. This implies that young adults and children are bound to get support to cope with life issues if they are open to not only their parents but also other family members. Comprehending the developmental needs of the teenagers, children, and infants also ensure proper growth of these individuals (Regina, 2011). Respecting various methods of coping and recognition of individualism and family strengths is essential. Acknowledging the ethnic, cultural and racial aspects of the families also becomes a key concern. The contribution of Collaborative family work model in guiding social work interventions with families. To begin, the discrimination of families on ethnic, racial and cultural backgrounds needs to be avoided. The model appreciates all the families and that they are equal hence by combining effort, the society can propel forward. The aspect respecting capabilities and strengths of different members of the family is critical (Jung, 1991). For instance, car washing, welding, and plumbing might be assumed to be jobs for the poorly educated but the fact remains that those individuals are earning out of their hard work. Therefore, there is no need to neglect such members of the society. The model appreciation of the development of the infants and the young adults becomes a primary issue in the families. Provision of sanitary towels to girls speaks more of a healthy environment than a situation where these ladies are left on their own. Insisting on the family networking still, has positive impacts that are experienced up to date (Hartman Laid, 1983). Social work also encourages members of the community to uphold togetherness to help curb problems of insufficiency. On the basis of financial support, the social work intervenes to ensure families engage in sharing more so during the time of need (Madsen, 2014). There exist externalities such as diseases and deaths of family members that leave families financially unstable. Therefore, there is the need for coming together and support one another for a fruitful living. Conclusion Conclusively, the developmental theories are crucial to the understanding of the children and their levels of growth. In addition, the caregivers are equipped with the knowledge necessary to allow them to provide extra support to the future generation. The collaborative family work model highlights the entire significant elements be practiced by any given family to ensure reaping of the benefits at the personal level and the community at large. References Bornstein, M. H., Bradley, R. H. (Eds.). (2014).Socioeconomic status, parenting, and child development. Routledge. (375-378) Cohn, O. White, C. (2012). Bringing Systems Thinking to Life expanding the horizons for Bowen Family Systems Theory. ONLINE ACCESS (302-308) Crain, W. (2015).Theories of development: Concepts and applications. Psychology Press. (87-91) Decker, C. A. (1990).Children--the Early Years. Goodheart-Willcox Company. (75-93) Demetriou, A., Shayer, M., Efklides, A. (Eds.). (2016).Neo-Piagetian Theories of Cognitive Development: Implications and Applications for Education. Routledge. (18-26) Hart, R. A. (2013).Children's participation: The theory and practice of involving young citizens in community development and environmental care. Routledge. (12-35) Hartman, A. Laid, J. (1983). Family Centered Social Work Practice. From Library. (18-30) Johnson, J. L., McWilliams, K., Goodman, G. S., Shelley, A. E., Piper, B. (2016). Basic Principles of Interviewing the Child Eyewitness. InForensic Interviews Regarding Child Sexual Abuse(pp. 179-195). Springer International Publishing. Jung, M. (1991). Family Centered Practice.Families in Society. v. 77(9). (522-523) Lantolf, J. P., Thorne, S. L., Poehner, M. E. (2015). Sociocultural theory and second language development.Theories in second language acquisition: An introduction, 207-226. Madsen.W. (2014). Applications of Collaborative Helping Maps: Supporting Professional Development, Supervision and work in Teams in Family-Centered Practice.Family Process. V53 (1). pp 3-21. Nelson, K., Goodfriend, W. (2014). Special Features Conducting Psychological Analysis: Dramatic.Journal Contents,19(2), 23-25. Parkay, F. W., Anctil, E. J., Hass, G. (2014).Curriculum leadership: Readings for developing quality educational programs. Prentice Hall. (339-445) Ramakrishnan, S., Barker, C. D., Vervoordt, S., Zhang, A. (2017). Rethinking Cross-Cultural Adaptability Using Behavioral Developmental Theory: An Analysis of Different Migrant Behaviors. (122-125) Regina, W. (2011). Applying Family Systems theory to mediation: A Practitioners guide. ONLINE ACCESS. (115-119) Syed, M. (2015). Emerging Adulthood: Developmental Stage, Theory, or Nonsense?The Oxford handbook of emerging adulthood, (11-25)

Migration free essay sample

Migration BY dennts2405 . Reasons of Migration It would never be an easy decision for a person to leave his country of birth and look for his fortune elsewhere. There are a number of reasons why migrants leave their countries. These so-called push factors exist in the poorer or conflict-weary regions of the world and some of them are defined as: dissolution and disintegration of multicultural states, accompanied by religious and ethnic conflicts; increase in natural disasters, the progressive destruction of major ecosystems and the associated global warming as a result of the industrial economic system environmental refugees); discrimination on various grounds; political instability and wars, continuing armed conflicts (including civil wars); economic situation; uncontrollable population growth; vast differences in population and economic growth; impoverishment, as a result of failing social welfare systems (EUROPOL, 2004). In turn, there are accompanying pull factors that make some countries target for migrants: shortage of manpower; comprehensive social security; positive economic situation; democratic systems of government, political and social stability; historical links; Ђ common languages; existing communities; expectations (EUROPOL, 2004). We will write a custom essay sample on Migration or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page There are a number of reasons of migration. For instance Castles defines migration taking place due to environmental degradation and explores links between environment, conflict and displacement (Castles, 2002). However when the push factors are examined, it can be seen that they can be grouped crudely under two categories, that are, political and economic reasons of migration. Reasons of migration have come to. This distinction came to clarify various categories of migrants and responsibilities of the host states towards these migrants. When it comes to economic migrants, it can be argued that the individual host states have had a higher leverage in the face of international community in terms of deciding when and to what extend open their borders to economic migrants. The guest worker program that was adopted by some West European states in the 1960s and the 1970s are a good indication of this. When the guest worker program served its purposes, host states could terminate the program single handedly. On the other hand, in the case of migrants fleeing their countries for political reasons an international onsensus emerged that constrained state actions. Migration is a global phenomenon. It is seen in all geographies, among all societies and throughout all ages. Throughout history, people migrated from one place to another for various reasons: either for economical reasons (famine, floods, merchandising, etc. ), political reasons (wars, conquers, deportations, etc. ) and other reasons (diseases, ecological changes, earthquakes, etc. ) Thus, it can be argued that people have many motivations to migrate. However, when we talk about immigration it is much more of a complex issue. Immigration is related to borders, border ontrols, political sovereignty over peoples movements. Immigration occurs when people migrates from one country to another. This migration is not always voluntary. Sometimes, people feel the need to immigrate or cannot return to their homelands due to reasons imposed on them. Millions of people are forced to leave their home countries because of persecutions and fear of persecution which is caused by wars, armed conflicts, regime changes and etc. Those people seek asylum for a better life in other countries. The European Union, which sets a model and standards for many countries on their ay to democratic development, is also an important model for the development of asylum and immigration policies. The Union is trying to create a common asylum and immigration policy area for the whole member states to adopt and apply for the sake of security. However, the issue is related to border control and territorial sovereignty and therefore, member states are unwilling to share their area of sovereignty and powers with the other entities. Thus, it might be assumed that the Union is engaged in a difficult task. In this perspective, Turkey, being a candidate country for the EIJ membership, is seen as an important ally for the Union. Turkeys borders with the Middle Eastern countries and the Union constitute important problems for the Union. There are expectations from Turkey for cooperation in the field of asylum and immigration. It is really important for Turkey to adopt and apply the Acquis. Since Turkey does not have special regulations for the asylum seekers in its legal documents and laws, adopting and applying the Acquis is highly critical and necessary for Turkey. However, there are also certain risks Turkey faces while taking steps mentioned in the progress reports. For example, Turkeys geographical imitations for accepting refugees in accordance with the 1951 Convention is highly criticized by the Union but Turkeys concerns are also important stakes at that point. The aim of this study is to get a clear vision on the European Unions political agenda for a common asylum and immigration policy and the Europeanization of Turkey in that field. The issue of asylum and immigration is closely linked to territorial security and border controls and the neighboring countries or the member states whose borders coincide with the Unions external borders are in a position of deeper responsibility and higher risk of immigration flows. Since Turkey is a candidate country and is expected to have borders with the non-EU states of the Middle East, Turkey will also have higher responsibility and greater risk of dealing with the immigration flows, when she Joins the Union. The word immigration comes from the word migration. Migration means to move from one place to another. The term is mostly defined in terms of movement of animals, however since the thesis is dealing with human migration, the definition used here focuses on human migration. With a focus on humans, migration is defined as the movement of persons from one country or locality to another2. However, this definition does not conceptualize the term sufficiently. Migration is linked to movement and space. The change of localities the key factor. This locality change can be cross borders or within a country. Migration can be defined by the orientation of the movement; if one leaves his/her country, then it is called emigration from somewhere and if one moves to a country then it is called immigration to somewhere3 . People who immigrate are then called immigrants. Types and reasons for immigration are different from each other. People might have different reasons, different intentions to immigrate. Reasons of immigration might differ. Economic, ecological, political, social reasons can be listed as the important ones. In other words, people might immigrate for various reasons, but the important aspect is that people tend to migrate and migration is the point of human dynamism; without dynamism societies, social groups die. Thus, immigration provides a kind of dynamism that is necessary for the human societies to develop6 . Also this dynamism can be by force; deportations, relocations are also types of immigration. The necessity this time, is imposed on people through fear, difficulties, political reasons and/or violence . Reasons of immigration can be seen as push factors. If political, economic and social conditions of the country of origin lead persons to consider immigration then these conditions become the push factors. However, the political, economic and social conditions are the pull factors; these factors usually tend to differ from country to country and can be seen as reasons to choose a country over another. 1. 2. Trends in Migration to Europe and Basic Definitions Early twentieth century witnessed a number of large-scale conflicts such as the Balkan wars (1912-1913), world war I (1914-1918) and the Russian Revolution (1917), hich produced massive human movements. According to Lavenex, these movements signified that national borders could not be closed indefinitely and some sort of legal status had to be given to these persons in order to allow them to move, stay or return to their homes, legally (1999: 5). However, during the World War II borders of West European states were closed to a great numbers of Jews fleeing Nazi persecution (Gibney, 2005: 2). After the end of the War, the most formidable border of all times that is, the Iron Curtain was erected. The Iron Curtain represented two ifferent political systems that perceived each other in ethical terms as good or evil. With memories of Jewish extermination still alive, West European states felt obliged to accept people fleeing political persecution in the Soviet block. In the aftermath of World War II as the allied powers were putting in the foundations ot a new international world order wit e n te Nations ( N) at its core, differences between the two sides of the Curtain came to dominate discussions on virtually every topic. The UN recognized the international scope and nature of the refugee problem and led to the creation of an International Refugee Organization IRO) in 1946 (Lavenex, 1999: 7). During the drafting of IRO charter controversies were centered on definition of a refugee and repatriation. The Eastern block opposed the ideas that refusal of a refugee and fear of persecution at home country would be accepted as valid causes for prevention of repatriation (Lavenex, 1999: 7) . With termination of the IROs mandate, UN General Assembly decided to establish the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) in 1949. Since its inception, the UNHCR has been the main venue for conducting international discussions and policy making on migration issue. Migration indroduction The increased movement of people all over the world and migration are inevitable results of globalization. Migration, as the human face of globalization, has immense impacts on the demography, culture, economy, and politics of the states. People are leaving their countries of origin and migrating to others for various reasons and no country can isolate itself from the challenges posed by the migration phenomenon. Today, 196 countries around the world have been affected either that way or another from migration issues, as immigration (destination), emigration or transit country.

Rene Descartes essays

Rene Descartes essays Rene Descartes was one of the most important and influential thinkers in human history. Both modern mathematics and modern philosophy began with the work of Rene Descartes. He is often referred to as the father of modern philosophy. His invention of coordinate geometry paved the way for advances in mathematics. Descartes also offered a modern theory for the origin of the solar system of the Earth. Rene Descartes was born on March 31 1596, at La Haye in the Touraine region of France. He was educated at the Jesuit college of La Fleche where he admired his teachers but later he said that he found little of the substance in the course of instruction and that only mathematics had given him any certain knowledge. After receiving a law degree in 1616 at the University of Poitiers, he became a volunteer in the Dutch and then the Bavarian army and traveled throughout Europe. He resumed his studies of math and science when his duties permitted. He was unsatisfied with the haphazard methods of science and then in use, he began to doubt all but mathematical knowledge. Descartes method of systematic doubt had a great impact on the resulting development of philosophy. In 1619, he arrived at the conclusion that the universe has a mathematically logical structure and that a single method of reasoning could apply to all natural sciences, providing a unified body of knowledge. This theory was developed on November 10, 1619 in Ulm, Germany. From 1626 to 1629 Descartes lived mostly in Paris. But he thought the pressures of social life kept him from his work, so he then moved to Holland in search of seclusion. He developed his first major work, Rules for the Direction of the Mind, at his new, more private home in Holland. Between 1637 to 1644, Descartes produced his three most important philosophical works, the Discourse on Method which was a preface to his Optics, Meteors, Geometry, and the Principals of Philosophy. The Discourse on...

Word Choice Fewer vs. Less - Proofread My Papers Academic Blog

Word Choice Fewer vs. Less - Proofread My Papers Academic Blog Word Choice: Fewer vs. Less Confusions between â€Å"fewer† and â€Å"less† can provoke fury among pedants: In the UK, one store even changed its signs after a campaign to enforce correct grammar! The difference between â€Å"fewer† and â€Å"less† is subtle, though, so it’s easy to mix them up in your written work (or on your shop signs) if youre not careful. Fewer (Countable Quantities) The word â€Å"fewer† means â€Å"a smaller number of people or things.† More specifically, â€Å"fewer† applies to things you can count or number, like stones or apples: There were seven apples in this bowl, now there are four; that’s three fewer than yesterday. We say â€Å"fewer† here because â€Å"apple† is a countable noun (i.e., apples can be counted out as individual apples). Less (Uncountable Quantities) The word â€Å"less† simply means â€Å"not so much† or â€Å"smaller in amount.† It differs from â€Å"fewer† by applying principally to uncountable nouns, usually substances or concepts that cannot be counted individually, such as water or pain: My shoulder still aches, but I’m in less pain than I was. The use of â€Å"less† indicates the pain has reduced. However, it doesn’t imply a severe pain is an accumulation of smaller pains in the same way that a bowl of apples contains several apples. Fewer or Less? A good tip for knowing when to use â€Å"fewer† or â€Å"less† is to consider whether the word modified is singular or plural, since singular terms take â€Å"less† and plural terms take â€Å"fewer.† This can be judged by whether the word would usually be followed by â€Å"is† or â€Å"are.† For instance, we say â€Å"water is wet† rather than â€Å"waters are wet† because water is a singular noun. Likewise, we say â€Å"apples are delicious† rather than â€Å"apples is delicious† because â€Å"apples† is plural. By working out whether were describing a singular or plural noun, we determine which of â€Å"fewer† or â€Å"less† to use: Singular/Countable Nouns = Fewer Plural/Uncountable Nouns = Less Time, Money and Distance One more thing to keep in mind is that quantities of time, money and distance usually take â€Å"less† rather than â€Å"fewer.† This is because we treat measurements as singular rather than plural. For example, although $100 could be counted out as one hundred individual dollars, we usually think of it as a single quantity of one hundred dollars. Hence we say â€Å"$100 is too much to pay,† not â€Å"$100 are too much to pay.† Likewise, when it comes to â€Å"fewer† and â€Å"less,† we usually say â€Å"I have less than $100,† not â€Å"I have fewer than $100.†

ECL Operations in the Chinese Markets Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

ECL Operations in the Chinese Markets - Essay Example It is evidently clear from the discussion that ECL failed to resist the temptation of believing in the universality of its global management policies and instead of adapting its policies to the Chinese cultural norms and practices, decided in favor of implementing its standardized policies in its Chinese ventures and subsidiaries. The net result is that though the systems and policies put in place looked suitable and methodical, it is finding it challenging to motivate and retain its Chinese employees. A saner solution in this context requires ECL to inculcate a strong Chinese cultural aspect in its otherwise standardized and effective global management policies. The origins of the problems being faced by ECL could be conveniently located in the ‘Basic Values and Objectives’ segment of this case study. So far as the key goals and initiatives of ECL in China are concerned, they are fairly reasonable and acceptable in the sense that they adhere to universal business aspira tions like the achievement of overall excellence, financial success, and effective leadership. However, when one takes a cursory look at the belief system of the company, it is then that the real problem pops out. The key beliefs of the company that had a direct bearing on the human resource management policies of ECL in China are discernibly affiliated to the Golden Rule that is â€Å"Do unto others as you have them do unto you.† The company seems to have totally overlooked the fact that the notions of effective and ethical behavior and communication are always relative and could mean different things to people adhering to different cultures. The net result is that the systems, management policies, institutions, and philosophies introduced by ECL in China are disproportionately Americanized and unsuitable. The company is intuitively aware of this discrepancy and is finding it difficult to recruit and retain the competent employees in China.

Prenatal development Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Prenatal development - Assignment Example The period of prenatal development is interesting because it is the actual manifestation of physical growth from nothingness to a real human. It is amazing how something about the organism changes every month until it turns into a fully matured baby. Teragotens are substances which may result in an abnormality of a fetus. These can be in the form alcohol, caffeine, drugs, diseases and lead, mercury or radiation. While mothers may be exposed to some of these things unintentionally, others have a choice of whether to pay attention to science or their personal beliefs or experiences and continue their usual alcohol or caffeine intake. The most important thing I learned among the five is the general risk factors. This is significant because these factors are very simple things but have a very big impact on the development of a new human being. Nutrition, stress and the mother’s age should be of utmost consideration when planning or having a baby. With this knowledge, I am able to appreciate everything my mother had done to keep herself and me healthy until I was born. Also, I would be able to use this knowledge in building my future family and whenever friends ask me for

Mary Shellys Frankenstein Essay Example for Free

Mary Shellys Frankenstein Essay In Chapter 5, Frankenstein brings the monster to life. Shelly uses a typical gothic method of mimicking Frankensteins disgust for the creature with weather, the dreary night of November. Frankenstein is appalled at his creation despite that the monsters limbs were in proportion and he had selected his features as beautiful. Frankenstein then describes the creature in such a way that the reader learns that although Frankenstein attempted to create beauty but is faced with the disgusting looks of the creature. his hair was of lustrous black, and flowing; his teeth of pearly whiteness; but these luxuriances only formed a more horrid contrast with his shrivelled complexion and straight black lips. Shelly uses an ironic contrast of life and death in describing the monster, using elements like yellow skin which is relevant to a new born baby with jaundice and straight black lips, which is relevant to a dead body. She also uses descriptions like shrivelled complexion which is relevant to both a baby and a corpse. The creature also reacts to life as a new born baby does. It breathed hard, and a convulsive motion agitated its limbs. This contrast is effective in showing the reader the irony in the fact that new life is given to parts of the dead. Shelly effectively describes the creature with enough detail to allow the reader to interpret the creatures appearance individually and also empathise with Frankenstein. Frankenstein has been disillusioned whilst creating the monster, but when it becomes alive, he is faced with its ugliness and abandons him. This is not an example of unconditional love and links in with Elizabeths arrival into the Frankenstein family. Oh! No mortal could support the horror of that countenance. A mummy again endued with animation could not be more hideous as that wretch. The memory of the shock of the monsters looks is very powerful to Frankenstein and Shelly portrays this by using words like Oh! when Frankenstein is telling Walton his story. Frankenstein has a dream after creating his monster in which, as he kisses Elizabeth, she turns into the corpse of his dead mother. I embraced her, but as I imprinted the first kiss on her lips, they became livid with the hue of death. I thought I held the corpse of my dead mother. This dream shows that Frankenstein has subconscious fears of harm coming to his family, which does actually happen later on in the novel. The dream is an effective example of foreshadowing, another typical gothic technique effectively used by Shelly. The reader could also interpret that the dream foreshadows Frankensteins fears of creating the monster a wife. It presents the idea that although Frankenstein first thinks that building a companion for the monster will keep his family safe, the consequences could be much worse if he does as it is possible that the creatures will breed. The monster is not reunited with its creator until several months later, where he tells Frankenstein of the hardships of life he has endured as an abandoned and disfigured child. Father and son meet in the mountains; this location could be interpreted as an effort by Shelley to use the mountains symbolically, showing Frankensteins guilt for abandoning his child or as the towering glaciers threatening Frankenstein; telling him that nature is not to be toyed with by man. The creature learns that humans should have families by reading a book that he finds whilst living near the French family he grows to love. He meets a blind man from the family who treats him with kindness, but when the rest of the family see him, they drive him from their cottage with stones. This teaches the monster that people hate him for his ugliness and therefore develops a hatred for his creator for making him so ugly. Upon meeting Frankenstein, the creature makes a direct relationship between the bad parenting and upbringing he endures with his own desire to harm others when he claims misery made me a fiend. Shelley uses this line as a blatant point that bad parenting will result in evil.

france business :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Studying and understanding different cultures of the world, is an integral part of successfully communicating internationally. This paper will examine three case studies evaluating communication styles in France. The focus will be on McDonald’s France, Euro Disney, and Accor. These three cases all involve a lack of effective communication and understanding of French Culture. French Culture   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In order to examine these French communication case studies it is important to understand the French culture. The French are characterized as having a very high level of uncertainty avoidance, but ironically change their minds quite frequently. The French are also very characterized as a very individualistic culture, meaning that everyone is only supposed to take care of themselves and their immediate family. These characteristics will be seen throughout the case studies, especially the uncertainty avoidance factor. McDonald’s France Case:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  McDonalds has opened franchises all over the world, little did they know that breaking into the French market would be such a challenge. McDonalds is a global corporation that is now tailoring its food, and entire dinning experience to fit local cultures.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  At first, the French were not very receptive of McDonalds invading their country, and were very reluctant to indulge in the high fat, fast food. Culturally it was different from anything they had ever experienced before. Initially French McDonalds were replicates of American McDonalds, serving the same menu with the same structural layout. The French traditionally enjoy lingering over their meals, and creating a dinning experience as opposed quickly consuming a large amount of food. These factors led to a slow start for McDonalds in France.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The French were also very concerned about the high level of fat contained in the traditional McDonalds menu. This became a huge communication problem, especially when protests started picketing several McDonalds in France. McDonalds France Solution:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  These problems have been handled by having McDonalds France Public Relations Department giving several press conferences, as well as, distributing several press releases. Since the Problem spans the entire country, high level McDonalds executives are communicating with the public. This communication does not end with high level executives; the message has permeated throughout the entire organization. The managers of individual franchises are very proactive to address and resolve the problems McDonalds has been experiencing. They choose to use the several forms of media that are most likely to actually reach the average McDonalds consumer, news paper press releases, press conferences that could be aired on the local news, and a new advertising campaign.

Acceptance Speech †Martin Luther King Essay

Acceptance Speech Martin Luther King was an African American activist and leader who dedicated his life to fighting for equal rights for coloured people in America. Grown up in a Baptist family, Christianity held a huge fascination for Martin Luther King, which is often reflected in his speeches. In 1964, he received the Nobel Peace Prize for his achievements in the struggle for equality and independence for coloured people. When receiving the award, Martin Luther King expresses his appreciation by a speech in Oslo. This speech is slightly different to his other speeches such as â€Å"I have a dream† or â€Å"Eulogy† as he uses less metaphors and alliterations and not only focuses on racial discrimination in the United States of America. He uses high vocabulary, as he speaks to a highly educated non-American audience in a humble tone. Martin Luther King begins his speech with the words: â€Å"The tortuous road which has led from Montgomery to Alabama to Oslo†¦ This can be classified as a metaphor, as â€Å"tortuous road† emphasizes that Negros had to suffer humiliation, exploitation and oppression for many years. But this â€Å"road† gave new hope to the people in the United States, as it is said in the speech: â€Å"This road has opened for all Americans a new era of progress and hope. † This is an extended metaphor that appears throughout the whole paragraph, as he goes on with:† a superhighway of injustice†. These words show that the civil rights movement can’t be stopped anymore and will finally bring justice for Negros. Throughout the speech many alliteration occur such as:†faith in the future† or â€Å"bright daybreak of peace and brotherhood†. These examples show that alliterations point attention to the sentence and help to fix the reader’s mind. It then goes on with the simile: â€Å"Man is more flotsam and jetsam in the river of life†. By these words Martin Luther King wants to emphasize that it is possible for everybody to change something in the world, despite the fact that people do not have the same opinion. Later he says:† I refuse to accept the view that mankind is so tragically bound to Starless midnight of racism and war that the bright daybreak of peace and brotherhood can never become a reality†. By metaphor â€Å"starless midnight of racism† Martin Luther King wants to indicate was considerate to something unsolvable or unchangeable. By the words â€Å"bright daybreak of peace and brotherhood†, he which is also a metaphor, he emphasizes thatpeace and brotherhood will finally be achieved. However, hese metaphor are very effective as they make the abstract or unknown concrete but it also enlivens the reader’s imagination. This sentence can also closely be classified as a balanced sentence, as Martin Luther King tells us what to do and what not to do. However, this helps to persuade the audience so stand up for their rights. Throughout the speech many anaphoras occur such as â€Å"I refuse to accept† or â€Å"I believe that†. This rhetor ical device emphasizes Martin Luther King’s aim for equal rights all over the world. Later on it says: â€Å"I refuse to accept the idea that the ‘is-ness’ of man’s present nature makes him morally incapable of reaching up for the eternal ‘ought-ness’ that forever confronts him. † Martin Luther King had a vision for how things ought to be. He shows us to refuse to accept things for how they are, and instead strive to find the solution for how they ought to be. Martin Luther King will always remain one of the most influential and greatest freedom fighters in the world. Though his commitment and persuasion, he achieved a lot for Afro American people in the USA.

Communication Case Essay

Ethics Case 4-7 – Income Statement Presentation of Unusual Loss Requirement The Cranor Corporation suffered $10 million in expenses linked to a product recall. The company had endured product recalls in the past and they still occur in the business. To show revenue from continuing operations, Jim Dietz, the controller, wishes to describe the $10 million as an extraordinary loss, instead of an expense included in operating income. He states to the CEO that the company has never had a product recall of this size and that the corporation fixed the design flaw and improved quality control. The drawback is, in order for Jim to categorize the loss as an extraordinary item, he must view that the losses in the company’s financial statements are infrequent and unusual. He must also presume this event is not likely to occur again in the future profitability. (Spiceland, Sepe, & Nelson, 2013, p. 188) The Journal of Accountancy states that extraordinary items are gains and losses that are material, and result from events that are both unusual and infrequent. (Ext raordinary Items Share Exclusive Company , 2013) These criteria must be considered in light of the environment in which the entity operates. There obviously is a considerable degree of subjectivity involved in the determination. The concepts of unusual and infrequent require judgment. In making these judgments, an accountant should keep in mind the overall objective of the income statement. The key question is how the event relates to a firm’s future profitability. If it is judged that the event, because of its unusual nature and infrequency of occurrence, is not likely to occur again, separate reporting as an extraordinary item is warranted. The ethical dilemma faced by Jim Dietz and the company’s chief executive officer is that it appears from the facts of the case that it would be difficult for the company to come to the conclusion that a material product recall is not likely to occur again in the foreseeable future. This type of event has occurred before and is common in the industry. While a subjective judgment, extraordinary treatment of the $10 million does not appear warranted. Is the obligation of Jim and the CEO to maximize income from continuing operations, the company’s position on the stock market and management bonuses stronger than their obligation to fairly present  accounting information to the users of financial statements? If they decide to go with Jim’s suggestion, it would be misleading to the shareholders and creditors about the lost suffered. The misrepresenting of the stakeholders and money market would be sinful and display wickedness, while if the corporation is straightfor ward with the market and shareholders it will demonstrate moral values and show that the corporation is working in the best interest of the investors by not misleading them when it comes to losses. In Exodus 23:1-2 it speaks about bearing a false report. The New International Version states: â€Å"Do not spread false reports. Do not help a guilty person by being a malicious witness. Do not follow the crowd in doing wrong.† With Jim and the CEO being in a management position, they are required to perform many activities in running the entity in the best interest of stakeholders. Their duties include leading and directing an entity, including making important decisions concerning the acquisition, deployment and control of human financial, physical and intangible resources. They are supposed to take the charge for the preparation and fair presentation of the financial statements in accordance to the accounting policies. (Handbook of the Code of Ethics for Professional Accountants, 2013) I think the Cranor Company should include the loss in their net income and continue with the product recall. Including the loss in their net income will show honesty to its stakeholders. They may not receive a bonus, but it is better for them to be honest than risk the consequences of lying about the loss. Leviticus 19:11 says, â€Å"Do not steal. Do not lie. Do not deceive one another. (The Quest Study Bible, New International Version, 1994) By seeing the scripture we can detect how this relates to accounting ethics. Leviticus 19:11 explains that that we are not to steal, and ultimately mislead others. When we associate this verse to this ethical dilemma it would describe Jim Dietz and the company chief executive officer of deceiving the stock market into thinking that the loss was truly an extraordinary item on income statement when in reality, they are misleading them to get a bonus. References The Quest Study Bible, New International Version. (1994). Grand Rapids: Zondervan Publishing House. Extraordinary Items Share Exclusive Company . (2013, September 3). Retrieved from Journal of Accountancy: http://www.journalofaccountancy.com/Issues/2007/May/ExtraordinaryItemsShareExclusiveCompany.htm Handbook of the Code of Ethics for Professional Accountants. (2013). New York: International Federation of Accountants. Spiceland, D., Sepe, J., & Nelson, M. (2013). Intermediate Accounting (7th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill/Irwin.

Carl Rogers Essay

Carl Rogers Essay Carl Rogers Essay Carl Rogers Person-Centered Theory Client Centered vs. Person Centered Client-centered Referred to Rogers’ approach to therapy in which the client (not the patient) is assumed to be responsible for changing his or her personality. Client Centered vs. Person Centered Person-centered Referred to the Rogerian Theory of Personality. Two Basic Assumptions Formative Tendency And Actualizing Tendency Formative Tendency The tendency of all matter to evolve from simpler to more complex forms. Formative Tendency The tendency of all matter to evolve from simpler to more complex forms. Formative Tendency The tendency of all matter to evolve from simpler to more complex forms. Actualizing Tendency The tendency to move toward completion or fulfillment of potentials. Actualizing Tendency Each person operates as a complete organism. Actualization Tendency needs a particular environment. Empathy (Active listening) Acceptance (Unconditional positive regard) Genuineness (congruence) Empathy (Active listening) Empathy (Active listening) Acceptance (Unconditional positive regard) Empathy (Active listening) Congruence A complete human being with feelings of joy, anger, frustration, confusion, etc. Congruence To be real or genuine, to be whole or integrated, to be what one truly is. Congruence and Incongruence Congruence Incongruence Unconditional Positive Regard: Approval granted regardless of a person’s behavior. Conditional Positive Regard: Approval, love, or acceptance granted only when a person expresses desirable behaviors and attitudes. Rogers’ Idea of Congruence X = Idealized Self Y = Self Concept X Y No overlap might imply little or no satisfaction with oneself (no or low self – esteem). Degree of overlap represents a degree of satisfaction with one’s own self. Rogers’ Idea of Congruence X = Idealized Self X Y = Self Concept Y As the ideal-self begins to coincide with... Degree of overlap represents a degree of satisfaction with one’s own self. Y= Rogers’ Idea of Congruence X = Idealized Self X Y = Self Concept Y what an individual perceives as their actual self,... Degree of overlap represents a degree of satisfaction with one’s own self. Rogers’ Idea of Congruence X = Idealized Self X Y = Self Concept Y they are beginning to allow what Rogers called self-approval, Degree of overlap represents a degree of satisfaction with one’s own self. Rogers’ Idea of Congruence X = Idealized Self Y = Self Concept X Y or Positive Self-Regard. Degree of overlap represents a degree of satisfaction with one’s own self. Rogers’ Idea of Congruence X = Idealized Self Y = Self Concept XY X Total overlap might imply a high level of satisfaction with oneself (elevated or high self-esteem). Degree of overlap represents a degree of satisfaction with one’s own self. Awareness â€Å"The symbolic representation of some portion of our existence† Necessary for the self concept and ideal self to exist. Awareness Three Levels 1st Level Many experiences are ignored or denied. Habituation, reaction formation. Awareness Three Levels 2nd Level Experiences accurately symbolized. Awareness Three Levels 3rd Level Experiences perceived in a distorted form. (Cognitive dissonance) Stages of Therapeutic Change Can be placed on a continuum from most defensive to most integrated. Stages of Therapeutic Change Stage 1) Rigid and resistant to change. Doesn’t see any problem. Refuses to own personal feelings or emotions. Stages of Therapeutic Change Stage 2) Slightly less rigid. Still refuse to recognize their own feelings. May talk regarding feelings in objective manner. Stages of Therapeutic Change Stage 3) Talk little more freely. But feelings at distance, not here and now. In future or past tense. Stages of Therapeutic Change Stage 4) Begin

Colored Fire - Where to Find Metal Salts for Colorants

Colored Fire - Where to Find Metal Salts for Colorants Ive received many requests for information about where to find the metal salts that can be used to make colored fire. Heres a list of common sources of these metal salts. If the salts are in liquid form, simply soak pinecones or logs or whatever you are burning in the liquid and let the fuel dry before use. If the salts are solids, your best bet is to try to dissolve them in a bit of alcohol and then apply them to your fire fuel. You can use water but expect a longer drying time. Fire Color - Source Green - Boric acid is probably your best source of green. Boric acid most commonly is sold as a disinfectant in the pharmacy section of a store. Copper sulfate is another metal salt that produces green fire. You can find copper sulfate, usually diluted in liquid form, in products used to control algae in pools or ponds. White - Magnesium compounds can lighten a flame color to white. You can add Epsom salts, which are used for a variety of household purposes. I usually see Epsom salts sold in the pharmacy section of stores for use as a bath soak, but the salts commonly contain sodium impurities, which will produce a yellow flame. Yellow - Your usual fire will be yellow already, but if you are burning a fuel that produces a blue flame, for example, you can turn it from green to yellow by adding sodium salt, such as common table salt. Orange - Calcium chloride produces orange fire. Calcium chloride is sold as a desiccant and as a road de-icing agent. Just be sure the calcium chloride isnt mixed with sodium chloride or else the yellow from the sodium will overpower the orange from the calcium. Red - Strontium salts produce red colored fire. The easiest way to get strontium is to break open a red emergency flare, which you can find in the automotive section of stores. Road flares contain their own fuel and oxidizer, so this material burned vigorously and very brightly. Lithium produces a beautiful red flame, too. You can get lithium from certain lithium batteries. Purple - Purple or violet flames may be produced by adding potassium chloride to the fire. Potassium chloride is sold as lite salt or salt substitute in the spice section of the grocery store. Blue - You can get blue fire from copper chloride. I am not aware of a widely-available source of copper chloride. You can produce it by dissolving copper wire (easy to locate) in muriatic acid (sold in building supply stores). This would be an outdoors-only type of reaction and not something I really recommend doing unless you have a little chemistry experience... but if youre determined, dissolve a piece of copper in a solution of 3% hydrogen peroxide (sold as a disinfectant) to which you have added sufficient muriatic acid (hydrochloric acid) to make 5% HCl solution.

The Mystery of Capital Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Mystery of Capital - Assignment Example In Communist China, property ownership and rights extend only as far as the Communist Chinese Party goes. The structure of The Party illustrates not only how communist the nation’s political system is, but also how Leninist it remains. It is true that China is not only communist in name. It is true that the nation shifted from its core communist economic system long ago and replaced it with a strict central planning that facilitated the coexistence of commercial state enterprises alongside a vigorous private sector. However, according to McGregor, it is also true that the tension existing within the political structure and the level to which capitalism may benefit the country is inextricably intertwined with how the political structure is permitted to develop the economy. This is in light of the Chinese dictators being keen to maintain a grip on politics by commanding the People’s Liberation Army, propaganda and personnel. All aspects of life, including owning property or conducting for-profit business, are controlled by The Party. Individuals cannot own private property exclusively in a manner that can afford them to use it as collateral and release capital. To be able to run a business and earn a sort of immunity from legal procedures or prosecution, one needs to seek membership to The Party.

Explain Descartes skeptical argument according to a prompt Term Paper - 1

Explain Descartes skeptical argument according to a prompt - Term Paper Example The fact that while we are sleeping and still see ourselves in other places doing other things raise a question about dreams. For example, you see yourself in a lecture room attending a specific lecture, but at the same time you are in your bed sleeping. This raises a question of how often we sleep at night You might argue that the brain plays images of events that were recorded during the day. Nevertheless, the images that we see in dreams are not things that occurred in the past are going to happen in the future (Simpsons 67). Thus raising the question where do dreams come from and what do they represent. There are many definitions as to what dreams are and what they represent. Most of the definitions are based on research and religion. Dreams are a sequence of views, pictures and feelings that happen while a person is numb. Dreams occur while asleep because there are parts of the brain that are most active while the body is resting. The process of having dreams is referred to as dreaming. At times, we can have more than two dreams in one night. Conclusions in dreams are not always clear because we wake up while they are about to end. It is said that we all dream, but not everyone remembers his or her dreams vividly (Bryant 2). With this in mind, how then can we explain a person who sleeps walks? Research has shown that sleepwalkers are indeed dreaming. The difference being that the dreams that they have, process communication in the subconscious levels and give messages to other body organs in order to operate them. Descartes says that there are no conclusive signs that show the distinction between being awake or asleep. The difference being dazed only supports the conception that we may be sleeping (Hill 6). In the first meditation, Descartes states that we cannot have knowledge of the external world and our bodies based on the senses. To strengthen his argument, he uses the dream argument. He states that we cannot have knowledge of the external

Research on Proliferation Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

On Proliferation - Research Paper Example According to the research findings it can therefore be said that despite the fact that every country agrees that zero tolerance on nuclear weapons is the way to keep international security, there has been a continued spread of the weapons. This leaves a question on how the terrorists groups still manage to get the weapons and what the role of the government has been in the failure of Non-Proliferation Treaty. It also leaves a question on the role of international community in regulating government-sharing weapons with the terrorist groups. Terrorists are a small number of people â€Å"who act outside the normal boundaries of morality, compassion and humanity†. With a continued nuclear technology growth, the highest possibility stands at there could be a high circulation of nuclear weapons internationally. This has lead to the government yielding to external pressures instilled by the desire to compete with other international states as far as state protection is concerned. As a means of protecting the states interests, nuclear proliferation becomes inevitable since no state like being uncertain of their security. They therefore end up involving the terrorist groups by issuing them with weapons to help in states survival. However, there are instances when terrorist groups get weapons illegally for their own reasons. They purchase them on the grounds of performing terrorist attacks to their rival groups that end up harming innocent people in the fight. Failures that have made it hard to end terrorism The issue of proliferation has remained a mystery for decades now. This has made a thorough approach more difficult to the countries seeking solutions. Its definition of it being a puzzle for many years has made a gap in the definition of its cause and effects hence making every theoretical debate not to arrive at a conclusion (Ogilvie-White 1996, 43). Having politicians at the forefront in perpetrating the phenomenon has contributed to making it difficult to determine how weapon proliferation can be without international processes. The way out is to do a thorough investigation to eliminate these perpetrators so that solutions could be arrived at. Lack of official documentation on the past nuclear proliferation has made it difficult to establish reliable sources of evidence to use against the crimes. This has led to abstractness in every debate that has been done on the same hence resulting to doubts on reliability of the information gathered (Ogilvie-White 1996, 43). Criticism has emerged making it hard to obtain valid information on causes and consequences of weapon proliferation in the international political circle. Some countries are feared to have signed the Non-Proliferation Treaty but may not follow the regulations. This has become one of the huddles facing Non-Proliferation Treaty since such countries cannot expose the terrorist groups existing within their borders. Such failures ensure that terrorism continues under the cover o f the individual government. What the role of the government has been in the failure of Non-Proliferation Treaty The government has contributed highly to having distorted evidence on proliferation through its failure to document any such occurrence as it happen. This has led to lack of reliable sources to serve as evidence in the cases against weapon proliferation. With a high foreign secrecy and small number of weapon proliferation cases, politics has proved to be more influential in the causes of proliferation. Nuclear technology funded by the government has been the force behind the production of the nuclear weapons (Ogilvie-White 1996, 44). The speculation as at now is there could be future spread in

Effects of Polychlorinated Biphenyl (PCB)

Effects of Polychlorinated Biphenyl (PCB) Polychlorinated Biphenyl (PCB) is a persistent organochlorine that has 209 congeners and can be divided into two categories, dioxin-like and non-dioxin-like. Although these two categories have different structures and toxicological profiles, both have an adverse impact on the human health [1]. Since PCB is a stable chemical and can withstand extreme temperature and pressure, it was heavily used back in 1929 for electrical equipment [2]. While the production of PCB was ceased in 1977, traces of PCB can still be observed on the Great Lakes for it was once used as a disposal site along with the possibility of accidental leaks. From lakes, it can move into different waterways and later be passed on by organisms. Long-range-transport of PCB vapours through air currents also functions as a dispersion mechanism in the ambient air [3] [4] [5]. Anyone can be susceptible depending on the rate of the exposure and the amount of stressor a person had been exposed to. PCB can enter the system thro ugh ingestion, inhalation and dermal contact, all of which can essentially bioaccumulate and inhibit the bodys natural processes in the event that the receptor had exceeded the threshold. PCB has been linked to endocrine dysfunction, reproduction deficiencies, chloracne, liver damage and kidney cancer [6]. Recognizing credible sources is a key factor in toxicity assessment. This allows the reader to acquire more information about the chemical of concern and make an informed decision. Some credible sources are listed below: Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry European Chemicals Agency Health Canada United States Environmental Protection Agency World Health Organization     Ã‚   3.1. What happens when PCB enters the body? Humans absorb PCB through inhalation, ingestion and dermal contact. On bioassays conducted, it was observed that animals absorbed PCB well when administered orally and less absorbed when exposed through dermal contact. While inhalation is an accounted pathway for PCB, there is inadequate data to identify the absorption rates. Upon absorption, PCB is dispersed into the lipophilic cell membranes in the gastrointestinal tract. It then circulates into the blood vessels and enters the lymphatic system. Due to the lipophilic nature of PCB molecules, it is readily absorbed by the fatty tissue. In autopsies conducted, the liver, adipose tissue, brain and skin usually contains higher concentrations of PCB. Elimination of PCB can be through excretion of feces, urine and breast milk [7]. When exposed to PCB, symptoms include severe acne, swelling of the upper eyelids, discolouring of the nails and skin, numbness in arms and/or legs, weakness, muscle spasms, chronic bronchitis, and neurological complications [6]. 3.2. Acute and Chronic Effects PCB exhibits both acute and chronic effects. Although it demonstrates low potential in producing acute effects, however, due to the risk it poses in human health in the long-term, it is still deemed to be a public health concern. Skin lesions particularly chloracne has been observed during occupational exposures. Nausea and headaches were also reported yet this could be primarily due to the solvents in the PCB mixtures. Subsequently, long-term exposure to PCB has been linked to reproductive deficiencies, liver damage and kidney cancer [8]. 3.3. Threshold vs Non-threshold PCB has shown evident carcinogenicity in animals and therefore is considered to be non-threshold substance by USEPA. The data for human carcinogenicity for PCB mixture is deemed to be inadequate but suggestive. Essentially, PCB can also be classified as threshold substance because of its non-cancer potential in lower concentrations and short-term exposure [9].   3.4. What effects does it have? Carcinogenic US EPA labeled PCB as Group B2, a probable human carcinogen. This was based on the experiment of exposure of rats to several mixtures of PCB that are often found in the environment [10]. On a study published in 1976, occupational exposure to PCB increased the mortality from cancer. However, the outcomes were mixed since the study only found limited deaths and incomplete exposure assessments [7]. Mutagenicity There were insufficient data involving the mutagenicity of PCB [7]. A bacterial test which distinguishes chemical mutation effects was conducted on PCB. Although PCB demonstrated negative results, this was not uncommon since PCB has complex compounds and pathways [11]. Reproductive Toxicity Oral administration of PCB on animals has displayed toxicity effects but dermal and inhalation exposure were not available. Exposure of rats and mice to high doses of PCB had produced several effects. The effects documented were decreased conception rate, pro-longed menstruation, decreased litter size and reduced sperm count. Rats and mice that were exposed to PCB while lactation suggested long-lasting adverse effect on the offspring. On another study, PCB is also associated to estrogen-related effects [7]. 4.1. Bioassay Overview The slope factor of PCB was based upon the studies conducted by Brunner et al. (1996) and Norback and Weltman (1985). A group of male and female Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to different Aroclor. Groups of 50 female or male rats were orally administered with 25, 50 or 100 ppm Aroclor 1260 or 1254; 50 or 100 ppm Arcolor 1242; or 50, 100, or 200 ppm Aroclor 1016. At 104 weeks, the rats were killed. Liver adenomas or carcinomas were discovered in all female rats for all Aroclors and male rats for Aroclor 1260. While thyroid gland follicular cell carcinoma was evident on male rats, female rats also exhibited mammary tumors at a later age. On another study, male and female Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to 0 or 100ppm of Aroclor 1260 for 16 months and subsequently reduced to 50 ppm for another 8 months. Tests were executed in different months to understand the changes in the structure of the rats. The intensity of the damage on the liver increases as you progress through the months. On the 29th month, most of the female rats displayed carcinoma and neoplastic nodules whereas male rats had lesser incidence [10] . 4.2. Published Benchmark A tiered approach was used by USEPA to determine the cancer potency of PCB. Upper-bounds provide precision while central-estimates are appropriate for estimating risks. Potency values are dependent on the exposure pathway. For exposure pathways with increased risks, we use High Risk and Persistence. Exposure pathways that decrease risk are appropriate on Low Risk and Persistence. Lowest Risk and Persistence is developed from Aroclor 2016, therefore it is appropriate for congeners with more than for chlorine. The slope factor can be generated by dividing 0.10 by ED10 (Estimated dose associated with 10% increased incidence, in mg/kg-d) [12]. High Risk and Persistence Low Risk and Persistence Lowest Risk and Persistence Upper-Bound Slope Factor 2.0 per (mg/kg)/day 0.4 per (mg/kg)/day 0.07 per (mg/kg)/day Central-Estimate Slope Factor 1.0 per (mg/kg)/day 0.3 per (mg/kg)/day 0.04 per (mg/kg)/day Criteria for use Food chain exposure Sediment or soil ingestion Dust or aerosol inhalation Dermal exposure, if an absorption factor has been applied Presence of dioxin-like, tumor-promoting, or persistent congeners Early-life exposure (all pathways and mixtures) Ingestion of water-soluble congeners Inhalation of evaporated congeners Dermal exposure, if no absorption factor has been applied Congener or isomer analyses verify that congeners with more than 4 chlorines comprise less than 1/2% of total PCBs. Figure 1 Tiers of Human Slope Factors For Environmental PCB [13]. Uncertainty Factors It is important to know that not everyone responds equally to a given chemical. Populations with higher sensitivity may be associated with increased risks. Also, the genetics and lifestyle of a person must be accounted as this pose potential change on the dose-response trend. Furthermore, it is essential to recognize that the mixtures of PCB tested in animals are Aroclor mixtures which have been pre-determined and not environmental mixtures that had bioaccumulated which are generally more potent [10]. Figure 1 shows that the slope factor is dependent upon the exposure pathway. Although these are just estimates, scientists have dedicated their time to conduct bioassays where we can extrapolate the data to potentially understand the dose that can harm humans. However, it is also crucial to know that environmental processes can alter the PCB concentrations, therefore it is best to be educated on how you can be exposed to PCB and how you can avoid this. To improve the assessment, studies concerning sensitive population should be further considered and assessed. Since PCB concentrations are altered in the environment, animals or humans that are already exposed could be used to investigate and compare the differences with the experiments done in the laboratory. In addition, it was not mentioned why rats were chosen as experiment parameters, analyzing parameters used could help readers discern why rats are relevant for the study. [1] P. Heikkinen, . L. T. M. van der Ven,, F. Rendel, R. Roos, J. Esteban, M. Korkalainen, S. Lensu, H. Miettinen, K. Savolainen, S. Sankari, H. Lilienthal, A. Adamsson, J. Toppari, M. Herlin, M. Finnila, J. Tukkanen, H. Leslie, T. Hammmers and G. Hamscher, Toxicological Profile of Ultrapure 2,2à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ²,3,4,4à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ²,5,5à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ²-Heptachlorbiphenyl (PCB 180) in Adult Rats., PLoS ONE, vol. 9, no. 8, pp. 1-26, 2014. [2] PCBs: Polychlorinated Biphenyls, [Online]. Available: http://www.greenfacts.org/en/pcbs. [Accessed 2 February 2017]. [3] S. Fields, Great Lakes Resources at Risk, Environmental Health Perspectives, vol. 113, no. 3, pp. 164-173, 2005. [4] PCBs in Great Lakes Sediments, [Online]. Available: http://www.greatlakesmapping.org/great_lake_stressors/1/pcbs-great-lakes-sediments. [Accessed 1 February 2017]. [5] Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) Toxicity, 14 May 2014. [Online]. Available: https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/csem/pcb/docs/pcb.pdf. [Accessed 02 February 2017]. [6] H. Canada, Health Canada, [Online]. Available: http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/hl-vs/iyh-vsv/environ/pcb-bpc-eng.php#ba. [Accessed 20 February 2017]. [7] M. L. S. K. M. C. S. D. C. T. D. R. Dr Obaid M. Faroon, World Health Organization, 2003. [Online]. Available: http://www.who.int/ipcs/publications/cicad/en/cicad55.pdf. [Accessed 13 February 2017]. [8] G. Letz, The Toxicology of PCBs-An Overview for Clinicians, West Journal of Medicine, pp. 536-538, 1983. [9] United States Environmental Protection Agency, [Online]. Available: https://www3.epa.gov/region02/superfund/hudson/hhra-app-c.pdf. [Accessed 20 February 2017]. [10] United States Environmental Protection Agency, 1 October 1996. [Online]. Available: https://cfpub.epa.gov/ncea/iris2/chemicalLanding.cfm?substance_nmbr=294. [Accessed 21 February 2017]. [11] Polychlorinated Biphenyls and Polybrominated Biphenyls., in IARC Monographs, IARC, 2016. [12] U. S. E. P. Agency, PCBs: Cancer Dose-Response Assessment and Application to Environmental Mixtures, September 1996. [Online]. Available: https://cfpub.epa.gov/ncea/iris_drafts/recordisplay.cfm?deid=12486. [Accessed 21 February 2017]. [13] United States Environmental Protection Agency, 1 June 1994. [Online]. Available: https://cfpub.epa.gov/ncea/iris2/chemicalLanding.cfm?substance_nmbr=294. [Accessed 21 February 2017].

Isolation in a Rose for Emily :: A Rose For Emily, William Faulkner

Isolation dominated the seventy four-year life of Emily Grierson in 'A Rose for Emily' by William Faulkner. Never in this story did she live in harmony with anyone one short time. Even when she died of age at seventy four, people in Jefferson town rushed into her house not because they wanted to say goodbye forever to her but because they wanted to discover her mystic house. Many people agreed that it was the aristocratic status that made Emily?s life isolated. And if Emily weren?t born in the aristocratic Grierson, her life couldn't be alienated far away from the others around her. Having been the only daughter of a noble family, Emily was overprotected by her father who 'had driven away' all the young men wanting to be close to her. As a result of that, when she got to be thirty, she was still alone. It was Mr. Grierson who alienated his daughter from the normal life of a young woman. If she weren't born in the Grierson, if she didn?t have an upper-class father, she could get many relationships with many young men in order to find herself an ideal lover. Then she might have a happy marriage life with nice husband and children In addition, as a lady descended from aristocracy, Emily was educated in how to behave as a noble, which became her huge barrier to people around her. Throughout the story, Emily always 'carried her head high enough', even when she went out with Homer Barron, bought rat poison, or talked to the Board of Alderman. A head carried high showed that Emily was absolutely aware of her status, which kept her from having a person to confide with. Even she never talked to the Negro servant who lived under the same roof with her for years. That was the reason why people only saw him go in and out of the house silently from the beginning to the end of the story. If Emily carried her head a little bit lower and spent time looking at people around her, she could find a reliable listener to help her escape from the isolation. According to people in Jefferson town, the Grierson was really a monument, although this monument was fallen, they considered Emily, the last Grierson, an example to the young people. As a result of that, townspeople, especially 'some of the ladies began to say that it was disgrace to the town and a bad example to the young people?

Eclipse Aviation Case Study

Eclipse Aviation is a big private jet manufacturer, who does not create new jet aircrafts, but also new jet customers. Their aim is to offer the convenience, performance and safety of private jet travel to be available to more people but not only the elites. So their offers on products are more likely to be affordable, easy to own, easy to operate, but with nice performance capabilities previously found only in military and commercial aircraft.The company seems to have a good idea, but the reality does not go to the right direction. Eclipse Aviation was judged to be bankrupt by the Federal Bankruptcy Court of the United States in 2009. Bankruptcy documents indicated that a total of USD 702. 6 million was owed. After the bankruptcy, the assets were bought by a new company, Eclipse Aerospace, to continue its business. The bankruptcy of the company was due to the problem of the market.The market was expected to have a nice performance, but finally it didn’t develop as well as it was expected. At the same time, many of the startups like Eclipse entered the market. At this point, the rivalry of the competitors was quite high in the market. The current aviation market does not perform well either. According to the General Aviation Manufacturers Association (GAMA), the total worldwide aviation shipments fell by 2. 1% to 369 units in the first quarter of 2012, compared with 377 in the first quarter of 2011.Eclipse has not publicized its orders of the new aircraft, Eclipse 550, of the first quarter of 2011, but according the datasets of its nearest competitors – Embraer Phenom 100 and Cessna Mustang, they didn’t perform well on the market at the beginning of the year. Both of them only delivered 4 and 7 of their lightest jets, compared to the number of 41 and 43 in the first quarter in 2011. As the market seems to have a great uncertainty, I don’t think that it would be a good idea to invest in this startup.

Country Report on Road Safety Initiatives in Malaysia

Country Report on Road Safety Initiatives in MALAYSIA Datuk Suret Singh Director General Road Safety Department Malaysia Basic Information Country : Malaysia ? ? ? ? ? Population: 26. 4 Million in 2006 Square Kilometer: 392876km2 Road Length: 72,400 km No of Registered Vehicles: 15,790,732 Vehicle Kilometer Travelled/year: 337. 8 Billion VKT Malaysia Definition and Data System Definition: ? Fatality: Deaths within 30 days ? Serious: All Required Hospitalization ? Slight Injury: Out Patient or Self Treatment Data System: ? Police DataForm : Standard POL27 Accident Form Database/System: Computerized MAAP System Annual Accident Report availability: Yes ? Hospital Data Injury classification used: AIS retrieval System: Many System used, in process of Standardization Malaysia Safety Target and Management National Safety Target? : ? 2. 0 Deaths/10,000 vehicles by 2010 ? 10 Deaths100,000 population 2020 ? 10 Deaths per Billion VKT by 2020 National Safety Plan? : ? Availability: Yes, National Road Safety Plan 2006-2010 ? strategies : 9 Strategies ? Programs: 52 Programs Availability of Institutional Set-up ? ? ? ?Road Safety Department (2005) MIROS (2007) National Road Safety Council (50 years ago) Annual Budget Allocated for Road Safety Programs Malaysia Road Safety Facts (1996-2006) Year Registered Vehicles Road Length (Km) Number of accidents Death 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 7,686,684 8,550,469 9,141,357 9,929,951 10,589,804 11,302,545 12,068,144 12,868,934 13,801,297 14,816,407 15,790,732 60,734 63,382 63,382 64,981 64,981 64,981 64,981 71,814 71,814 72,400 72,400 189,109 215,632 211,037 223,166 250,417 265,175 279,237 298,651 326,815 328,268 341,252 6,304 6,302 5,740 5,794 6,035 5,849 5,887 6,282 6,228 6,200 6,287Fatality Index Per 10,000 Vehicles 8. 20 7. 37 6. 28 5. 83 5. 70 5. 17 4. 88 4. 88 4. 51 4. 18 3. 98 Per 100,000 Population 29. 8 29. 1 25. 3 25. 5 26. 0 25. 1 25. 3 25. 1 24. 3 23. 7 23. 6 Per Billion VKT 40. 4 36. 3 30. 9 28. 7 28. 0 25. 5 24. 0 24. 0 22. 2 20. 6 Malaysia 19. 6 Key Issues and Challenges Key Problems Identified ? Target Groups: Motorcyclists (53%) Car Occupants (22%) Pedestrians (10%) ? Target Issues: Head Injuries among motorcyclists Un segregated VRUs MalaysiaFatality by Casualty Class Malaysia Strategic Programs and Projects Program Potential % Intervention Coverage Reduction 2007 2008 2009 2010 AES Speed Cameras Redlight Cameras Lane Displine Helmet Program Rear Seat Belts Airbags Driver Training RSE and CBP Mcycle Lanes Blackspots Others 20 20 0 30 20 10 10 10 10 10 10 60 60 20 65 40 20 30 20 20 20 20 100 90 60 100 60 40 50 50 30 30 30 100 90 80 100 80 60 60 80 40 40 40 % 30 40 20 50 30 30 10 20 80 30 20 No of Deaths Expected No. f Fatality Reduction Involved/yr 2007 2008 2009 2010 1400 150 450 1500 350 400 300 400 500 500 350 84 12 0 225 21 12 3 8 40 15 7 427 3. 45 252 36 18 488 42 24 9 16 80 30 14 420 54 54 750 63 48 15 40 120 45 21 420 54 72 750 84 72 18 64 160 60 28 6300 Deaths/1 0,000 Vehicles 1009 1630 1782 2. 94 2. 45 2. 21 Malaysia MIROS0 7One Most Successful Road Safety Intervention Name: Exclusive Motorcycle Lane Program Problem Statement: Rear-End and Side Swipe along High Speed Links Double Low Speed Links Issues Identified: Un-segregated leading to Conflicts among Fast, Un Compatible VRUs and Larger Vehicles Rationale for Intervention: Segregation reduce Conflicts, Risk and Exposures Detailed Intervention Programs: 3m Exclusive Lane fully segregated Impact of Intervention: 39% less Accidents, 83% Less Fatalities, BCR=5 Malaysia